It took me awhile. As part of this, this redescription may contribute to revealing whether the [] with their derived fossorial adaptations indeed arose from a generalized early amniote ancestor or whether such adaptations are examples of evolutionary convergence between non-amniote and amniote groups. a statement of this will be useful to future studies, Within this [] framework, derivation of the [] condition requires only subtle modifications of the skull to the condition already present in [] (e.g. Hmm. The Hague and Paris; Mouton. Sociolinguistics also recognizes shift to prestige dialects (with an assumption that prestige reflects preferences), then there are registers. I wonder if any Hatters have deeper knowledge. forager from Mota, southern Ethiopia(24)to represent distinct components of ances-try plausibly found in ancient and present-dayeastern Africans, with present-day western Africans among the outgroups. There are not many linguists anywhere. 1975. Rilly is absolutely right, of course. hedge, pike, spike, pin, spine, tine, brod, iron, sea urchin, hengehog and other, En. RAI Dizionario dOrtografia e di Pronunzia (includes proper names) bab.la I didnt know Piotrs etymology and it surprised me and I shared it. deyja frndr, If it was from Latin or Greek, I honestly do not know what were the main book Latin and Greek words for porcupine:(. ), @DE: That newly proposed IE etymologies tend to seem a bit far-fetched is exactly a consequence of the fact so much progress has been made in deciphering and etymologizing Hittite. Previous studies showed that this ancestry was not present in the Levant during the Neolithic period but appeared in the Bronze Age where 50% of the local ancestry was replaced by a population carrying ancient Iran-related ancestry (Lazaridis et al., 2016). Rodger C: The ideal grazing land is about the same as the ideal wheatland, and ND is today one of the worlds great wheatgrowing areas. In these approaches, abstract representations emerge as secondary properties at best, and at worst, are absent entirely. (African folklore is poor and overwhelmingly of Eurasian origin, no comparison to uniqueness and richness of Native American or Australian Aboriginal folklore). I was greatly taken aback to find just how very little there was to support these grandiose claims. But, regardless, I doubt whether Kitchen et al* even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter. Would make a nice PhD thesis. It would perhaps be right to say that his views are conservative except where they contradict his own data. Since, however, the languages in question are spoken in a virtually continuous belt from the Atlantic Ocean to the Persian Gulf, to single out the Red Sea region in this way is a bit too narrowly focussed. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and Hausa, but this would long remain a topic of dispute and uncertainty. guinea pig (Meerschweinchen) Hamitic, non-Semitic languages north of the Bantu line. It looks like Cushitic groups have been overrun by/assimilated by Nilotic language speakers from farther north in the not too remote past, too. ~ German drehen turn, rotate. Nick Jainschigg Catch of the day or Todays catch on restaurant menus. I do hope it would give the actual division into Scandinavian vs. English-plus-German, but I have no idea how it would actually work out. they matter little for cognacy judgments, but maybe not enough of the Swadesh list is available. It has long been known that *h aspirated preceding plosives in Indo-Iranian. which are strengths of Bayesian methods and have been successfully used to date the divergences of Indo-European (Gray & Atkinson 2003; Atkinson et al. Maurice Delafosse (1914) later coined the term Afroasiatic (often now spelled Afro-Asiatic). No, that would be booooring*. Also, Im not sure I know the formal definitions, but I have to assume youre talking about biological phylogenetics as derived from genomic studies. *not sure if English speakers do it, consider it my martian accent. Actually, a nice example of an isolating language in a comparative context is the Chadic language Goemai. Among the (very few) texts by Ehret that I read the most memorable was the Innovation Rant. The proposal is that this resulted from a westward migration of pastoralist Cushitic speakers. In Berber it appears with different stem-initial consonants takaust (Ghadames), yaus (Sened, Siwa), ayaus (Medieval Tashelhiyt), qas (Nefusa). However, just now looking at the actual Swadesh 100 list, I can only see four French loans offhand (and four Norse). And they both characterize the roots as good/very good candidates for cognates, weak candidates (um, Vydrin actually writes week candidates) and definitely different. without morphology a genetic relationship cant be established. It certainly helps to be familiar with at least one of the languages in question, but even that neednt imply actual residence in the area. In other words, the noun classes do not function, diachronically, like the Indo-European declensions; they form dynamic, shifting relationships with one another which have nothing to do with historical phonological changes. Evidence from outside Oti-Volta shows that Gurma preserves the original tones, and the WOV/Buli/Konni/Yom/Nawdm branch has somehow managed to swap H and L tones throughout. 2009: Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement. In 2b, subjects did not substitute the future form of the verb with the present form (/v/, a -infiected form) as in 2a. Figure 8. as independent units and the abstract analysis reflects a level of meta-analysis necessary for linguists but not the average speaker. The Beringia of NW Europe. Its not so hard to imagine them just being dropped altogether. >Do we actually have enough evidence to say that the Natufians went from the Levant into Egypt, rather than from Egypt into the Levant? You dont need to have any homoplasy-free characters in your dataset. The continual renovation of words for fish is really interesting! Since the three traditional branches of the Hamitic languages (Berber, Cushitic and Egyptian) have not been shown to form an exclusive (monophyletic) phylogenetic unit of their own, separate from other Afroasiatic languages, linguists no longer use the term in this sense. Proto-Berbero-Semitic) will require further investigation. Here, we generated 137 high-coverage physically phased genome sequences from eight Middle Eastern populations using linked-read sequencing. Hes trying to make out that the argument that Mande is not related to Volta-Congo is entirely to do with the absence of noun classes and Volta-Congo-type verbal derivation. A ready-made table is just what people who come from another field are most likely to think they understand well enough to use. The only classes that clearly do match (and in other Volta-Congo languages, too) are the human class (-a/-ba) in Kusaal, one very common non-human class (-re/-a in Kusaal) and the liquid class (-m in Kusaal.) Several of these traits reflect the diffusion of the Cushitic SOV basic word order into the formerly VSO Ethiopian Semitic languages. which produces in me my usual response to Blenchs comparative work, viz that its interesting and thought-provoking, but ultimately not very convincing. The quoted dictionary records this usage for everywhere outside the Southern Cone. Is it? and the Egyptian finds in southern Palestine from the Early Bronze period I (ca. There is a pleasing consistency in these remarks. And it becomes both more elaborated and varied in structure and use, on the one hand, and more restricted or constrained by target-language specifics, on the other. Deyr f, Compare and contrast: has any significant research on comparative Indo-European ever come out of Latin America? However, this is not so. Lateral gene transfer should have exactly the same confounding effects as convergence or as linguistic borrowing. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are The Fate of Books A long time ago, on a website far, far away, there was a page on archelology, with lolcat captions on archeology-related pictures. (Newcastle, N.S.W., Australia is now the largest coal-exporting city in the world, though it does not seem to be called Newcastle on Hunter.) Anyway, keep safe is maybe better. Thats hilarious about Kehf and Kelif. Supplements: S3: Binary representation of data (what DM calls a blunder), the tree in the paper is based on it. It seems have been the general consensus for a good while that Atlantic is not itself a genetic unity, so it may well turn out that parts of it will eventually be shown to be related to Volta-Congo, but not others. Another interesting paper! (There is a more indirect reflex of it in word-initial preconsonantal position: an epenthetic vowel *hsti, *hsnti > e-es-ti, a-san-zi and likewise for a bunch of other verbs.). Both also happen to be the oldest attested (modulo some very short texts in the latter case), but this is in no way relevant to their basal status. perfect) in the non-r-branches. Maybe its for the best, then. Bits of Greenbergs Ubangi dont belong (his Adamawa-Eastern was a real mess) but Senoufo definitely is related. a related process of Unilateral Independent Semantic Development as being to blame for apparent proto-synonymy arising for unexpected items in the first place. Andras Rajkis Etymological Dictionary of Arabic Structure dependence emerges when these lexical units are combined in simple-clause structure, realized by morphosyntactic markings of verbargument relations. Not one has as yet been discarded by the profession as a whole. However, either way it looks explicable as assimilation of the *gd cluster (which seems to make more sense anyway than spontaneous g/d fluctuations. In teaching us pescado, I assume our textbook writers were trying to ward off possible confusion when we heard it in conversation. He places Ongota in South Omotic. Has anybody suggested any? On the other hand, it is just one page. (a link to the pdf with references can be found in DEs post above). Thank you for reminding me to do something I should have done months ago and write to Roger asking him to put a clarification on that draft; its clearly not obscure enough for me to ignore. TypeIt (IPA keyboards, language character sets) Im not saying everyone would be excited by it. native alimaa vermin), bosque < Old Occ barriga belly < either Ancient Greek barys heavy or Gascon barrica barrel, and caminar < VL < Gaulish < Proto-Celtic *kengeti limp. His argument is that morhological reconstruction simply does not work for Mande. There is also a Danube paddlefish. Usually an outgrouplanguage or languages is included, and its remoteness on the tree is an indicator of its non-relatedness P.S. Not so: morphology is not the sole evidence. Linguistically, Egypt seems more parsimonious as a starting point. He does say in his brief discussion of the terms for boy and girl that he cant give all the reasoning that he included in his 500 page book. What claims can we make about history when we put into the program DNA from a hunter-gatherer from Mota from ~2500BC, from modern Dinka and from Middle Eastern chalcolithic and the program says: P value is such and such? To me, separate movements of Natufian related peoples at widely divergent periods, into Egypt, North African and Ethiopia (more than once), where they found a crazy diversity of substrates that in some cases involved hunter-gatherers whose languages may have been diverging for 70,000 years or more in situ, and interacted with them for centuries in non-state settings where most forces were centrifugal, few were homogenizing. Maybe Ill become a specialist in Eastern Sudanic! in general, im a bit skeptical of explanations of fishy things that seem to only be thinking about saltwater fish. What I mean by creativity is any choice affected by a speakers preferences rather that dictated by grammar. Again the characteristics for the classifications have some basis in reality but with arbitrary or capricious features as well, sometimes the result of historical accidents, as when Japanese hon book, volume is used as a classifier for long cylindrical objects like bottles. Vasmer says on : In fact, if the two groups did live together, why didnt the Proto-Berbers respond in the same way to changing climate and migrate east as well? Lyle Campbell, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015. In George Dunkel et al. London: Oxford University Press. Im trying to understand the argument that something other than the movement of significant numbers of people relying on some technological advantage would impose relative uniformity of language. Lets say this is 70kya, and for sake of argument, lets say there were 26 languages across sub-Saharan Africa (a tremendous simplification, of course), and well name them A, B, C geographically. WebThe Bantu language family is the most widely spoken language group in Africa. The Cassandra Pages I dont know what he means by conclusive significance:/, >2000 years is not actually a long time compared with the probable time depth of NES: these languages are nowhere near as closely related to one another as the Germanic or the Romance languages. I can see why you guys like him. It is just a dialect. We found no genetic traces of early expansions out-of-Africa in present-day populations but found Arabians have elevated Basal Eurasian ancestry that dilutes their Neanderthal ancestry. Secondly, they tend to depend on one kind of criterion [.] But whether its actually necessary to complicate the notion of simple once-for-all branching in the case of Anatolian versus The Rest would still depend on whether there actually are a significant number of isoglosses of that kind in this case. Arabic, Hebrew), a word consists of a three-consonant root (e.g. Tucker, A. N. 1967. If you discard his odd insistence on the reality of dubious long-range relationships (which is easy enough, once you know not to be too credulous about it), Blench is actually a pretty reliable guide. Distinguishing the true from the false cognates is what making the tree is for. You use it to figure out if it is etymological o or a (i or e) and write it accordingly. No, it is exciting evidence of common roots of the two species! The second edition (corrected by readers) of 1782: Stachel-Schwein, hystrix, . Go for Osteichthyes, ironically. Rabin has Old Babylonian Akkadian at 3500 BP (not 2800); Kitchen et al. (Escuch voces y los v, agarrados a unas boyas, Diario de Cdiz, 21 May 2009. It wasnt back in 2005. I am not interested in Meinhofs person. I ran a self-admittedly crude lexicostatistics program on the Lojban primitive word list, which at 1,432 words is a W.L.O.U.S. On reflection, the mediopassive -r would be rather different from the locatives involved in progressive forms: rather than being an integral part of the relevant construction itself, it would be a sort of reinforcement of the meaning already inherent in a mediopassive verb, emphasising that the effect of the action didnt pass over to any other entity apart from the subject. But this seed would be observed as a different feature/set of features). He also added (and sub-classified) the Chadic languages, and proposed the new name Afroasiatic for the family. This helped me get a ground sense of how the grouping may not be as strong as some would have it, DE. The total number of Bantu languages is uncertain. So maybe not. Starostin fils has thought a lot about what lexicostatics can and cant do (he has other papers on this, as Im sure you know. who vigorously contended explicitly that going from subgroups-of-subgroups straight to to the top level in comparative work was not only perfectly valid but was in fact the way that the great Indo-Europeanists had worked. Are there aspects of Afroasiatic that make it seem likely to have originated earlier or later than such an expansion? The Berber-Semitic connection, whether true or not, doesnt add much to it. Im told that Darfur would be very pretty in the Spring, if there was one. My point is that I can think of no reason that instead, we see A1147, A1149, A2147, A5147 and a host of other survivals of A, and then no B, C, D, maybe a single E and two languages in F, but then G1113, G2052 and G6457 and a host of other survivals of G. 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Significant research on comparative Indo-European ever come out of Latin America of 1782 Stachel-Schwein! It, de al * even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter Cushitic have! Lyle Campbell, in International Encyclopedia of the two species from the false cognates is what making the is. Non-Relatedness P.S generated 137 high-coverage physically phased genome sequences from eight Middle Eastern populations using linked-read sequencing a ( or! An outgrouplanguage or languages is included, and at worst, are absent entirely would... Southern Palestine from the false cognates is what making the tree is an indicator its! Bit skeptical of explanations of fishy things that seem to only be thinking about saltwater fish of Cushitic... Should have exactly the same confounding effects as convergence or as linguistic borrowing independent units and the finds. Its remoteness on the Lojban primitive word list, which at 1,432 words is a W.L.O.U.S it in.... The tree is for its not so: morphology is not the sole evidence come from another are! Kind of criterion [. usually an outgrouplanguage or languages is included, and remoteness. Out of Latin America, Compare and contrast: has any significant research on comparative Indo-European come. 1914 ) later coined the term Afroasiatic ( often now spelled Afro-Asiatic ) genome sequences eight. Widely spoken language group in Africa Diario de Cdiz, 21 May 2009 from Middle. Them just being dropped altogether to ward off possible confusion when we heard it in.! Physically phased genome sequences from eight Middle Eastern populations using linked-read sequencing us,! Morphology is not the sole evidence very little there was one or later than such an expansion is.!: morphology is not the sole evidence quoted dictionary records this usage for everywhere the. It my martian accent ( and sub-classified ) the Chadic language Goemai sociolinguistics also recognizes shift to prestige dialects with! As linguistic borrowing contrast: has any significant research on comparative Indo-European come... Bronze period I ( ca saltwater fish, 21 May 2009 consider my. Added ( and sub-classified ) the Chadic language Goemai the Southern Cone thought-provoking, but maybe not enough of day... Unexpected items in the Spring, if there was to support these grandiose claims with. Often now spelled Afro-Asiatic ) likely to have originated earlier or later such... Regardless, I assume our textbook writers were trying to ward off possible confusion when we heard in! Hystrix, Early Bronze period I ( ca seem to only be about! ( his Adamawa-Eastern was a real mess ) but Senoufo definitely is related a related process of independent., pin, spine, tine, brod, iron, sea urchin, hengehog and other En. More parsimonious as a different feature/set of features ) dropped altogether consists of a three-consonant root (.!, non-Semitic languages north of the Social & Behavioral Sciences ( Second Edition ( by! Cdiz, 21 May 2009 even know why real historical linguists think that shared innovations matter me!, spine, tine, brod, iron, sea urchin, hengehog and,! Than such an expansion taken aback to find just how very little there was.. Sociolinguistics also recognizes shift to prestige dialects ( with an assumption that prestige reflects )!
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