This is, of course, an important question and one that has been tackled by a number of researchers. Wireless access points that allow unauthorized connection to system components and networks present vulnerabilities. The challenge of securing these complex systems is compounded by the interaction of legacy and newer weapons systemsand most DOD weapons platforms are legacy platforms. 6. False a. The most common means of vendor support used to be through a dial-up modem and PCAnywhere (see Figure 8). 9 Richard Ned Lebow and Janice Gross Stein, Deterrence and the Cold War, Political Science Quarterly 110, no. In the Defense Department, it allows the military to gain informational advantage, strike targets remotely and work from anywhere in the world. MAD Security aims to assist DOD contractors in enhancing their cybersecurity efforts and avoiding popular vulnerabilities. Simply put, ensuring your systems are compliant, and setting up control in place are often the best efforts a company can make to protect its systems from cyberattacks. However, there is no clear and consistent strategy to secure DODs supply chain and acquisitions process, an absence of a centralized entity responsible for implementation and compliance, and insufficient oversight to drive decisive action on these issues. The Department of Defense provides the military forces needed to deter war and ensure our nation's security. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA . Ransomware is a form of cyber-extortion in which users are unable to access their data until a ransom is paid. Specifically, Congress now calls for the creation of a concept of operations, as well as an oversight mechanism, for the cyber defense of nuclear command and control.66 This effectively broadens the assessment in the FY18 NDAA beyond focusing on mission assurance to include a comprehensive plan to proactively identify and mitigate cyber vulnerabilities of each segment of nuclear command and control systems. Though the company initially tried to apply new protections to its data and infrastructure internally, its resources proved insufficient. 3 (January 2017), 45. 50 Koch and Golling, Weapons Systems and Cyber Security, 191. Failure to proactively and systematically address cyber threats and vulnerabilities to critical weapons systems, and to the DOD enterprise, has deleterious implications for the U.S. ability to deter war, or fight and win if deterrence fails. A system could be exploited through a single vulnerability, for example, a single SQL Injection attack could give an attacker full control over sensitive data. The operator HMI screens generally provide the easiest method for understanding the process and assignment of meaning to each of the point reference numbers. MAD Security recently collaborated with Design Interactive, a cutting-edge research and software development company trying to enhance cybersecurity to prevent cyber attacks. But where should you start? Cyber vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include All of the above Foreign Intelligence Entity . Your small business may. In a 2021 declassified briefing, the US Department of Defense disclosed that cybersecurity risks had been identified in multiple systems, including a missile warning system, a tactical radio. Misconfigurations are the single largest threat to both cloud and app security. hile cyberspace affords opportunities for a diversity of threat actors to operate in the domain, including nonstate actors and regional state powers, in addition to Great Powers, the challenges of developing and implementing sophisticated cyber campaigns that target critical defense infrastructure typically remain in the realm of more capable nation-state actors and their proxies. A common misconception is that patch management equates to vulnerability management. 6395, December 2020, 1796. . Upholding cyberspace behavioral norms during peacetime. These include the SolarWinds breach,1 ransomware attacks on Colonial Pipeline2 and the JBS meat processing company,3 and a compromise of the email systems of the U.S. Agency for International Development.4 U.S. officials have indicated their belief that Russia either sponsored . Finally, DoD is still determining how best to address weapon systems cybersecurity," GAO said. As businesses become increasingly dependent on technology, they also reach out to new service providers that can help them handle their security needs better. Connectivity, automation, exquisite situational awareness, and precision are core components of DOD military capabilities; however, they also present numerous vulnerabilities and access points for cyber intrusions and attacks. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see The DOD Cyber Strategy (Washington, DC: DOD, April 2015), available at . The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines a vulnerability as a "weakness in an information system, system security procedures, internal controls, or implementation that could be exploited or triggered by a threat source." Learn more about the differences between threats, risks, and vulnerabilities. On December 3, Senate and House conferees issued their report on the FY21 NDAA . Innovations in technology and weaponry have produced highly complex weapons systems, such as those in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter, which possesses unparalleled technology, sensors, and situational awarenesssome of which rely on vulnerable Internet of Things devices.37 In a pithy depiction, Air Force Chief of Staff General David Goldfein describes the F-35 as a computer that happens to fly.38 However, the increasingly computerized and networked nature of these weapons systems makes it exponentially more difficult to secure them. The Cyber Services Line of Business (LOB), also known as SEL7 DISA Cyber Services LOB, oversees the development and maintenance of all information technology assets that receive, process, store, display, or transmit Department of Defense (DoD) information. Moreover, some DOD operators did not even know the system had been compromised: [U]nexplained crashes were normal for the system, and even when intrusion detection systems issued alerts, [this] did not improve users awareness of test team activities because . Two years ago, in the 2016 National Defense Authorization Act [1], Congress called on the Defense Department to evaluate the extent of cyber vulnerabilities in its weapons systems by 2019. By inserting commands into the command stream the attacker can issue arbitrary or targeted commands. Below are some of my job titles and accomplishments. Instead, malicious actors could conduct cyber-enabled information operations with the aim of manipulating or distorting the perceived integrity of command and control. Encuentro Cuerpo Consular de Latinoamerica - Mesa de Concertacin MHLA 6395, 116th Cong., 2nd sess., 1940. Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay, Thermonuclear Cyberwar,, Austin Long, A Cyber SIOP? Research in vulnerability analysis aims to improve ways of discovering vulnerabilities and making them public to prevent attackers from exploiting them. An attacker could also chain several exploits together . Often it is the responsibility of the corporate IT department to negotiate and maintain long-distance communication lines. Nikolaos Pissanidis, Henry Roigas, and Matthijs Veenendaal (Tallinn: NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence, 2016), 194, available at . These applications can result in real-time operational control adjustments, reports, alarms and events, calculated data source for the master database server archival, or support of real-time analysis work being performed from the engineering workstation or other interface computers. 6 Office of the Secretary of Defense, Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the Peoples Republic of China 2020 (Washington, DC: DOD, 2020). 115232August 13, 2018, 132 Stat. This graphic describes the four pillars of the U.S. National Cyber Strategy. Borghard and Lonergan, The Logic of Coercion; Brandon Valeriano, Benjamin Jensen, and Ryan C. Maness, Cyber Strategy: The Evolving Character of Power and Coercion. For example, there is no permanent process to periodically assess the cybersecurity of fielded systems. , see Angus King and Mike Gallagher, co-chairs, Building a Trusted ICT Supply Chain: CSC White Paper 4, (Washington, DC: U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission, October 2020), available at <, https://www.solarium.gov/public-communications/supply-chain-white-paper, These include implementing defend forward, which plays an important role in addressing one aspect of this challenge. See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs,, 41, no. System data is collected, processed and stored in a master database server. JFQ. This paper presents a high-level, unclassified overview of threats and vulnerabilities surrounding the U.S. Navy's network systems and operations in cyberspace. 35 it is likely that these risks will only grow as the united states continues to pursue defense modernization programs that rely on vulnerable digital infrastructure. Large DCS often need to use portions of the business network as a route between multiple control system LANs (see Figure 5). Art, To What Ends Military Power? International Security 4, no. There are three common architectures found in most control systems. Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. Erik Gartzke and Jon R. Lindsay (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019), 104. Actionable information includes potential system vulnerabilities, demonstrated means of exploitation of those vulnerabilities . Setting and enforcing standards for cybersecurity, resilience and reporting. , ed. Contact us today to set up your cyber protection. In 1996, a GAO audit first warned that hackers could take total control of entire defense systems. Cyber Defense Infrastructure Support. DOD and the Department of Energy have been concerned about vulnerabilities within the acquisitions process for emerging technologies for over a decade.51 Insecure hardware or software at any point in the supply chain could compromise the integrity of the ultimate product being delivered and provide a means for adversaries to gain access for malicious purposes. An attacker that gains a foothold on the control system LAN must discover the details of how the process is implemented to surgically attack it. In cybersecurity, a vulnerability is known to be any kind of weakness exist with the aim to be exploited by cybercriminals to be able to have unauthorized access to a computer system. The Government Accountability Office warned in a report issued today that the Defense Department "faces mounting challenges in protecting its weapons systems from increasingly sophisticated cyber threats," and, because of its "late start" in prioritizing weapons systems cybersecurity, needs to "sustain its momentum" in developing and implementing key weapon systems security . Its worth noting, however, that ransomware insurance can have certain limitations contractors should be aware of. A Cyber Economic Vulnerability Assessment (CEVA) shall include the development . Mark Montgomery is Executive Director of the U.S. Cyberspace Solarium Commission and SeniorDirector of the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Center on Cyber and Technology Innovation. Because many application security tools require manual configuration, this process can be rife with errors and take considerable . Individual weapons platforms do not in reality operate in isolation from one another. Ibid., 25. Establishing an explicit oversight function mechanism will also hopefully create mechanisms to ensure that DOD routinely assesses every segment of the NC3 and NLCC enterprise for adherence to cybersecurity best practices, vulnerabilities, and evidence of compromise. Should an attack occur, the IMP helps organizations save time and resources when dealing with such an event. For additional definitions of deterrence, see Glenn H. Snyder, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961); Robert Jervis, Deterrence Theory Revisited,. Building dependable partnerships with private-sector entities who are vital to helping support military operations. On January 5, 2022, the largest county in New Mexico had several county departments and government offices taken offline during a ransomware attack. Sharing information with other federal agencies, our own agencies, and foreign partners and allies who have advanced cyber capabilities. The Cyber Awareness training is intended to help the DOD workforce maintain awareness of known and emerging cyber threats, and reinforce best practices to keep information and systems secure. CISA and its partners, through the Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative, are responding to active, widespread exploitation of a critical remote code execution (RCE) vulnerability ( CVE-2021-44228) in Apache's Log4j software library, versions 2.0-beta9 to 2.14.1, known as "Log4Shell." Managing Clandestine Military Capabilities in Peacetime Competition,, terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at <, https://defense360.csis.org/bad-idea-great-power-competition-terminology/. A backup control center is used in more critical applications to provide a secondary control system if there is a catastrophic loss of the main system. In that case, it is common to find one or more pieces of the communications pathways controlled and administered from the business LAN. Directly helping all networks, including those outside the DOD, when a malicious incident arises. 16 The literature on nuclear deterrence theory is extensive. However, the credibility conundrum manifests itself differently today. However, adversaries could hold these at risk in cyberspace, potentially undermining deterrence. A typical network architecture is shown in Figure 2. large versionFigure 2: Typical two-firewall network architecture. 10 Lawrence Freedman, Deterrence (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2004), 26. 19 For one take on the Great Power competition terminology, see Zack Cooper, Bad Idea: Great Power Competition Terminology (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, December 1, 2020), available at . These tasks are typically performed on advanced applications servers pulling data from various sources on the control system network. Information gathered and activities conducted to identify, deceive, exploit, disrupt, or protect against espionage, other intelligence activities, sabotage, or assassinations conducted for or on behalf of foreign powers, organizations or persons or their agents or international terrorist organizations. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980); and Thomas C. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966). Specifically, efforts to defend forward below the level of warto observe and pursue adversaries as they maneuver in gray and red space, and to counter adversary operations, capabilities, and infrastructure when authorizedcould yield positive cascading effects that support deterrence of strategic cyberattacks.4, Less attention, however, has been devoted to the cross-domain nexus between adversary cyber campaigns below the level of war and the implications for conventional or nuclear deterrence and warfighting capabilities.5 The most critical comparative warfighting advantage the United States enjoys relative to its adversaries is its technological edge in the conventional weapons realmeven as its hold may be weakening.6 Indeed, this is why adversaries prefer to contest the United States below the level of war, in the gray zone, and largely avoid direct military confrontation where they perceive a significant U.S. advantage. A new trend is to install a data DMZ between the corporate LAN and the control system LAN (see Figure 6). Inevitably, there is an inherent tension between Congresss efforts to act in an oversight capacity and create additional requirements for DOD, and the latters desire for greater autonomy. Publicly Released: February 12, 2021. (Sood A.K. This often includes maintenance planning, customer service center, inventory control, management and administration, and other units that rely on this data to make timely business decisions. Cyber Vulnerabilities to DoD Systems may include: a. Given that Congress has already set a foundation for assessing cyber vulnerabilities in weapons systems, there is an opportunity to legislatively build on this progress. There is a need for support during upgrades or when a system is malfunctioning. As adversaries cyber threats become more sophisticated, addressing the cybersecurity of DODs increasingly advanced and networked weapons systems should be prioritized. However, adversaries could compromise the integrity of command and control systemsmost concerningly for nuclear weaponswithout exploiting technical vulnerabilities in the digital infrastructure on which these systems rely. . They make threat outcomes possible and potentially even more dangerous. large versionFigure 12: Peer utility links. Wireless access points that allow unauthorized connection to system components and networks present vulnerabilities. Prior to the 2018 strategy, defending its networks had been DODs primary focus; see, https://archive.defense.gov/home/features/2015/0415_cyber-strategy/final_2015_dod_cyber_strategy_for_web.pdf. Capabilities are going to be more diverse and adaptable. Man-in-the-middle attacks can be performed on control system protocols if the attacker knows the protocol he is manipulating. They decided to outsource such expertise from the MAD Security team and without input, the company successfully achieved a measurable cyber risk reduction. Additionally, an attacker will dial every extension in the company looking for modems hung off the corporate phone system. 55 Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification, available at ; DOD, Press Briefing by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment Ellen M. Lord, Assistant Secretary of Defense for Acquisition Kevin Fahey, and Chief Information Security Officer for Acquisition Katie Arrington, January 31, 2020, available at . warnings were so common that operators were desensitized to them.46 Existing testing programs are simply too limited to enable DOD to have a complete understanding of weapons system vulnerabilities, which is compounded by a shortage of skilled penetration testers.47. John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019, Pub. This data is retained for trending, archival, regulatory, and external access needs of the business. 35 Relatedly, adversary campaigns to conduct cyber-enabled intellectual property theft against the U.S. military and the defense industrial base are also a concern because they continue to cause staggering losses of national security information and intellectual property. 2 (February 2016). The second most common architecture is the control system network as a Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) off the business LAN (see Figure 4). 21 National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: The White House, December 2017), 27, available at . CISA is part of the Department of Homeland Security, Understanding Control System Cyber Vulnerabilities, Sending Commands Directly to the Data Acquisition Equipment, Through discovery, gain understanding of the process. The scans usually cover web servers as well as networks. By far the most common architecture is the two-firewall architecture (see Figure 3). Recognizing the interdependence among cyber, conventional, and nuclear domains, U.S. policymakers must prioritize efforts to reduce the cyber vulnerabilities of conventional and nuclear capabilities and ensure they are resilient to adversary action in cyberspace. 114-92, 20152016, available at . Strengthening the cybersecurity of systems and networks that support DOD missions, including those in the private sector and our foreign allies and partners. 13 Nye, Deterrence and Dissuasion, 5455. The Cyberspace Solarium Commissions March 2020 report details a number of policy recommendations to address this challenge.59 We now unpack a number of specific measures put forth by the Cyberspace Solarium Commission that Congress, acting in its oversight role, along with the executive branch could take to address some of the most pressing concerns regarding the cyber vulnerabilities of conventional and nuclear weapons systems. Most PLCs, protocol converters, or data acquisition servers lack even basic authentication. The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year 2021 (FY21) is the most significant attempt ever undertaken by Congress to improve national cybersecurity and protect U.S. critical infrastructure from nation-state, non-state, and criminal behavior. Ransomware. By modifying replies, the operator can be presented with a modified picture of the process. The attacker must know how to speak the RTU protocol to control the RTU. , ed. In September, the White House released a new National Cyber Strategy based on four pillars: The DOD released its own strategy outlining five lines of effort that help to execute the national strategy. Often administrators go to great lengths to configure firewall rules, but spend no time securing the database environment. These vulnerabilities pass through to defense systems, and if there are sophisticated vulnerabilities, it is highly unlikely they will be discovered by the DoD, whether on PPP-cleared systems or on heritage systems. 15 See James D. Fearon, Signaling Foreign Policy Interests: Tying Hands Versus Sinking Costs, Journal of Conflict Resolution 41, no. Receive security alerts, tips, and other updates. 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