In October 1943, the railway station was finished. This is the bridge that still remains today. When that failed to attract sufficient workers, they resorted to more coercive methods, rounding up workers and impressing them, especially in Malaya. The map shows the significance of the building of the Thai-Burma railway by the Australian prisoners of war to Australia because it shows where the POWs were located whilst being prisoners. It is also the case that Australians distinctive national characteristics did not give them a greater chance of survival, as is sometimes assumed. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}140227N 993011E / 14.04083N 99.50306E / 14.04083; 99.50306, This article is about the railway constructed by Japan during World War II. A large number of the British and Australian captives were sent to Burma (Myanmar). Two hundred men were housed in each barracks, giving each man a two-foot wide space in which to live and sleep. One factor was that many European and US doctors had little experience with tropical diseases. notebook kept by captain harold lord, regular officer in the royal army service corps (rasc), whilst a japanese prisoner of war working on the burma-thailand railway in 1943, listing neatly and chronologically the names of the british prisoners of war who worked on the railway, may - december 1943, together with the following information about Between 180,000 and 250,000 Southeast Asian civilians and over 60,000 Allied prisoners of war were subjected to forced labour during its construction. Australians were not the largest national group on the railway. The railway connected Thailand and Burma and was shut down in 1947, after the war. Theatres of bamboo and attap (palm fronds) were built, sets, lighting, costumes and makeup devised, and an array of entertainment produced that included music halls, variety shows, cabarets, plays, and musical comedies even pantomimes. No prisoner of war may be employed at labors for which he is physically unfit. More than one in five of them died there. Powered by WordPress. Now they find themselves dumped in these charnel houses, driven and brutally knocked about by the Jap and Korean guards, unable to buy extra food, bewildered, sick, frightened. [17] A holiday was declared for 25 October which was chosen as the ceremonial opening of the line. Frequently men were sent to work on the line long before their accommodation was completed. [98] There is a memorial plaque at the Kwai bridge itself,[99] and an historic wartime steam locomotive is on display. Imprest Burmese and Malay labourers too died in their thousands - exactly how many will never be known. The vast majority of the men of the 2nd AIF were of European descent. In mid-1942, large numbers of POWs began to be transported to Thailand and Burma for the construction of the Thai-Burma Railway. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from "About a dozen on the Burma side and more again on the Thailand side of the railway, in camps like F-Force and D-Force, and about eight men who were with 'Weary' Dunlop at Hintok," he said. The decision to complete the railway connecting Moulmein with Bangkok, which had been commenced before the war but abandoned by the two countries concerned, was taken in June 1942. The higher deaths in F Force were probably attributable to the fact that British workers contained a high proportion of men who were already ill when they left Singapore. The 'Death Railway' was very well named. The Prisoner of War Management Office (Furyo Kanribu) The Prisoner of War Management Office (Furyo Kanribu) was established by the Minister for the Army on 31 March 1942 as an additional office to deal with the treatment of POWs. As a result of war bombing on bridges repeatedly, the Japanese used it to supply their troops in Burma. Another thirteen letter parties, L to X, soon followed, taking the number of British working on the railway at the end of 1942 to around 20 000. [63] The most important trial was against the general staff. However, the film and book contain many historical inaccuracies, and should be considered works of fiction. Thanbyuzayat War Cemetery, at Thanbyuzayat, 65 kilometres south of Moulmein, Myanmar (Burma) has the graves of 3,617 POWs who died on the Burmese portion of the line. Thereafter work on the railway consisted of maintenance, and repairs to damage caused by Allied bombing. At the same time the 'Sweat Army' of labourers from Burma, ostensibly volunteers but many conscripted by the puppet Burmese government, toiled on the construction work. Special British prisoner parties at Kinsaiyok bury about 20 coolies a day. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery at Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar, holds 621 Dutch graves, Copyright 2023 Burma Thailand Railway Memorial Association. The notorious Burma-Siam railway, built by British, Australian, Dutch and American prisoners of war, was a Japanese project inspired by the need for improved communications to maintain the large Japanese Armv in Burma. [69] It was this Bridge 277 that was to be attacked with the help of one of the world's first examples of a precision-guided munition, the US VB-1 AZON MCLOS-guided 1,000lb aerial ordnance, on 23 January 1945. BURMA-04_roster (WO 361-2204) - British and American POWs at Burma Camp 6, later IV. The Battle of Sidi Barrani (10-11 December 1940) was the opening battle of Operation Compass, the first big British attack of the Western Desert Campaign of the Second World War. 61,000 Prisoners of War were forced to work on the Burma-Thailand Railway in the most atrocious conditions. [78][79], In 1946,[89] the remains of most of the war dead were moved from former POW camps, burial grounds and lone graves along the rail line to official war cemeteries. ARTICLE 29. The Death Railway. During its construction more than 16 ,000 prisoners of war died - mainly of sickness, malnutrition and exhaustion - and were buried along the railway. Japanese Medical Orderly. [59], Several museums are dedicated to those who perished building the railway. Two forces, one based in Thailand and one in Burma, worked from opposite ends' of the line towards the centre.When the first of the prisoners arrived their initial task was the construction of camps at Kanchanaburi and Ban Pong in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma. By far the majority of British POWs nearly 29 000 of them were sent to Thailand. These POWs, day after day, have their bodies pushed to extremes in an effort to complete the construction of the railway. In Saigon, the Brits accused Aussies of exaggerating conditions on the Railway. Repeated reconnaissance flights over the Burma end of the railway started early in 1943, followed by bombings at intervals. This gave rise to the name of "River Kwai" in English. Dutch chemist Van Boxtell. The Burma- Death Railway. [45], The prisoners of war "found themselves at the bottom of a social system that was harsh, punitive, fanatical, and often deadly. Work on the railway started at Thanbyuzayat on 1st October 1942 and somewhat later at Ban Pong. He was one of Dunlop's 1,000 the men under commanding . [48][49] In the foreword to Charles's book, James D. Hornfischer summarizes: "Dr. Henri Hekking was a tower of psychological and emotional strength, almost shamanic in his power to find and improvise medicines from the wild prison of the jungle". As before, their food and accommodation were minor considerations. On 17 October 1943, construction gangs originating in Burma working south met up with construction gangs originating in Thailand working north. On 24 June 1949, the portion from Kanchanaburi to Nong Pla Duk (Thai ) was finished; on the first of April 1952, the next section up to Wang Pho (Wangpo) was done. At both camp and base hospitals, for the greater part of the time, the doctors had only such drugs and equipment as they had been able to carry with them. More than a third of these men and women died in captivity. The barracks were about 60m (66yd) long with sleeping platforms raised above the ground on each side of an earthen floor. [100], A preserved section of line has been rebuilt at the National Memorial Arboretum in England.[101]. Surviving Australian veterans will attend a commemorative . [23][24] The money was used to compensate neighbouring countries and colonies for material stolen by Japan during the construction of the railway. The estimated number of civilian labourers and POWs who died during construction varies considerably, but the Australian Government figures suggest that of the 330,000 people who worked on the line (including 250,000 Asian labourers and 61,000 Allied POWs) about 90,000 of the labourers and about 16,000 Allied prisoners died.[30]. Map Created by Philip Cross July 2000. An Australian memorial is at Hellfire Pass. Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. Some of their works were used as evidence in the trials of Japanese war criminals. Since the upper part of the Khwae valley is now flooded by the Vajiralongkorn Dam,[19] and the surrounding terrain is mountainous, it would take extensive tunnelling to reconnect Thailand with Burma by rail. List of Australian Army Medical Corp Officers on the Burma-Thailand Railway A FORCE To Burma May 1942 D FORCE To Southern end of line March 1943 DUNLOP FORCE To Southern end of line January 1943 F FORCE To Northern Thailand April 1943 H FORCE To Southern end of line 1943 L FORCE Deployed in medical support of natives August 1943 Gradually more forces were sent to Burma and Thailand; in total more than 60,000 prisoners of war were transported to the railway project during 1942-3. These coolies have been brought from Malaya under false pretenses 'easy work, good pay, good houses!' [8], The project aimed to connect Ban Pong in Thailand with Thanbyuzayat in Burma, linking up with existing railways at both places. IWM collections, This media is not currently available. When the Japanese were not satisfied with the pace of work, prisoners were forced to endure atrocious physical punishment, and some 700 Allied prisoners died or were killed at Hellfire Pass. Director: Jack Lee | Stars: Virginia McKenna, Peter Finch, Kenji Takaki, Tran Van Khe. Labor furnished by prisoners of war shall have no direct relation with war operations. The horrendous experiences endured by the thousands of POWs has made the Burma Railway a place of pilgrimage and commemoration. Photo taken on Aug. 19, 2020 shows the bridge over the River Kwai, the most notable part of the "Death Railway," in Kanchanaburi, Thailand. Click Here To See Liberation Questionnaires. Even though defeated, they displayed the Anzac skills of resourcefulness, laconic humour, mateship and survival against the odds. [30][33], In early 1943, the Japanese advertised for workers in Malaya, Singapore, and the Dutch East Indies, promising good wages, short contracts, and housing for families. [62], Workers in more isolated areas suffered a much higher death rate than did others. Red Cross parcels helped, but these were invariably held up by the Japanese. The Burma Railway, also known as the SiamBurma Railway, ThaiBurma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a 415km (258mi) railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). This was to be over 400 Km long through inhospitable jungle and hills. To pursue those ends and to support their continued offensives in the Burma theatre, the Japanese began construction of what came to be known as the Burma Railway. The Burma Railway was also known as the "Death Railway" as 16,000 allied troops and 100,000 Asian labourers died during its construction. They were joined in captivity by three hundred survivors of the sinking of the HMAS Perth in the Battle of Java Sea in late February 1942. First, the Burmese city of Lashio was the southern terminus of the Burma Road, the main resupply route for Chinese during the Sino-Japanese War. 321 relations. Aside from the classic British-American film in 1957, Bridge on the River Kwai, the struggles prisoners of war endured in Burma and the making of the "death railway" became a "forgotten war" - it got lost in the Western Front's heroics and the ugly truth about the horrifying gas chambers found in the Nazis' prison camps. RM 2CYBAYN - Military personnel and people attend a dawn memorial service for soldiers who died during World War Two on ANZAC Day at Hellfire Pass in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand, April 25, 2015. 3:09pm Oct 16, 2018. Part II: Asian Romusha: The Silenced Voices of History", "Distances between camps on the Burma-Thailand Railway", "Last Man Out: A Memoir of the Burma-Thailand Death Railway", "Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war The BurmaThailand Railway", "The Thailand-Burma Railway, 19421946: documents and selected writings", "Tamarkan, Tha Makham 56.20km - Thailand", "Forgotten Sikhs of the Siam -Burma Death Railway", "The lies that built The Bridge on the River Kwai", "Old China Hands, Tales & Stories The Azon Bomb", "Aerial photograph of Kanchanaburi, Thailand during a raid by Allied aircraft including", "Thanlwin Bridge (Mawlamyine), longest and largest in Myanmar, emerges to serve interests of State and region", "Railway of Death: Images of the construction of the BurmaThailand Railway 19421943", "Birma-Siam Spoorweg en de Pakan Baroe Spoorweg. (Publisher) WATCH VIDEO NOW : Captain (doctor) Peter Hendry - part 1: Prisoner of War Experiences. A copper spike was driven at the meeting point by commanding General Eiguma Ishida, and a memorial plaque was revealed. Records of the Army Staff, RG 319. On 16 January 1946, the British ordered Japanese POWs to remove a four kilometre stretch of rail between Nikki (Ni Thea) and Sonkrai. The Japanese would not allow the prisoners to construct a symbol (a white triangle on a blue base) indicating the presence of a prisoner of war camp, and these raids added their quota to the deaths on the line. [19], As an American engineer said after viewing the project, "What makes this an engineering feat is the totality of it, the accumulation of factors. A second air-raid by the RAF on 24 June finally severely damaged and destroyed the railroad bridges, and put the entire railway line out of commission for the rest of the war. Between June 1942 and October 1943 the POWs and forced labourers laid some 258 miles (415 km) of track from Ban Pong, Thailand (roughly 45 miles [72 km] west of Bangkok), to Thanbyuzayat, Burma (roughly 35 miles [56 km] south of Mawlamyine). When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. Unbeknown to his captors, and at the risk of losing his life if discovered, he kept a diary documenting life. Organization of the Labor. By late spring 1942, with the surrender of Allied strongholds in Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and the Dutch East Indies, an estimated 140,000 Allied prisoners of war had fallen into Japanese hands. Used with permission of the author, Lilian Sluyter. [53], The construction of the Burma Railway is counted as a war crime committed by Japan in Asia. Most of the camps were right alongside the railway track and some were near bridges and other vulnerable points. [50] Charles died in December 2009. Deel 8 De tragedie van de Birma-Siam Spoorweg", "The Railway Man: Australian keeps legacy of Thailand's 'Death Railway' alive helping relatives of POWs gain closure", Captive Audiences/Captive Performers: Music and Theatre as Strategies for Survival on the Thailand-Burma Railway 19421945, Works of Ashley George Old held by the State Library of Victoria. The wooden bridge was reused for pedestrians and cars. South Australian Rex Butler's time as a hard-riding buffalo shooter in the Northern Territory's crocodile swamps stood him in good stead when he went to war, fell into the hands of the Japanese and made an incredible escape. Malaria, dysentery and pellagra (a vitamin deficiency disease) attacked the prisoners, and the number of sick in the camps was always high. Little is known of why the men of the 2nd AIF volunteered to serve. Another group, numbering 190 US personnel, to whom Lieutenant Henri Hekking, a Dutch medical officer with experience in the tropics was assigned, suffered only nine deaths. [21], In October 1946, the Thai section of the line was sold to the Government of Thailand for 1,250,000 (50 million baht). George, from Coatbridge, Lanarkshire, Scotland, was a POW in Java in 1942. [34] Approximately 90,000 Burmese and 75,000 Malayans worked on the railroad. Conditions were significantly worse than at Changi, with forced hard labour and severely inadequate supplies of food and medicines. Abstract. The graves of those who died during the construction and maintenance of the Burma-Siam railway (except Americans, who were repatriated) have been transferred from the camp burial grounds and solitary sites along the railway into three war cemeteries. 368 of the 1,061 on board the USS Houston survived. [69] An unknown number of Malayan workers were housed in a nearby camp. The majority of the army personnel were from the 8th Division. A newly wealthy English woman returns to Malaya to build a well for the villagers who helped her during war. Work began at both ends of the rail line in June 1942. The larger number of British deaths overall reflects the fact that there were simply more British working on the railway than Australians or Dutch POWs. Altogether, some 35,000 parachute and glider troops were involved in the operation. The Death Railway is only one of the names describing the Japanese project built in 1943 to provide support to its forces during World War II. The railway track from Kanchanaburi - photographed in 1945. Only the devotion skill and enterprise of the prisoner of war medical staffs saved the lives of thousands and gradually evolved an organisation which could control disease and mortality. 1, 5 - 9 Their experience under these extreme wartime conditions is examined to discover the likely contribution of malaria-associated mortality to the total number of deaths. Most of the prisoners of the Japanese were Australian Army about 21 000. The working conditions were appalling. The rail line was built along the Khwae Noi (Kwai) River valley to support the Japanese armed forces during the Burma Campaign. Four prisoners of war with beri-beri, Nam Tok, 1943 Life and death on the railway The railway took 12 months to build, with final completion on 16 October 1943. It is also known from a study of the Australians who joined the army in World War II that they were generally young and unmarried. The name used by the Japanese Government was TaiMen Rensetsu Tetsud (), which means Thailand-Burma-Link-Railway. POWs and Asian workers were also used to build the Kra Isthmus Railway from Chumphon to Kra Buri, and the Sumatra or Palembang Railway from Pekanbaru to Muaro. Also sketches by POWs. During its construction, approximately 13,000 prisoners of war died and were buried along the railway. It completed the rail link between Bangkok, Thailand, and Rangoon, Burma. utilisation of prisoner of war labour in japanese prisoner of war camps. Elsewhere in the Pacific some 10 000 British, Canadian and Indian troops were captured when Hong Kong fell in December 1941 and further 5000 in the Netherlands East Indies (now Indonesia) in early 1942. The rice was of poor quality, frequently maggoty or in other ways contaminated, and fish, meat, oil, salt and sugar were on a minimum scale. 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burma railway prisoners of war list
