Two decades later, Compton has a new lease on life. Some streets in Skid Row are so congested with tents, scattered belongings and people that its impossible to drive or walk through. The neighbourhood menace (played by Alice Pill) and her Stepford wives gang make life a living nightmare for Lucky and Henry Emory (Deborah Ayorinde and Ashley Thomas): threatening stares through windows, blaring radios outside their front door. How did a city with a farming community in its core spawn one of the most angry and violent rap albums of all time? [57], Compton is 10.12 square miles and is fondly known as the Hub City because of its unique geographical proximity being in the center of the Los Angeles County boundaries. Th Compton is one of the oldest cities in the county and, on May 11, 1888, was the eighth city in Los Angeles County to incorporate. [62], Compton has been referred to on numerous occasions in gang affiliation, gangsta rap and g-funk songs, especially in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, and so has attained an association not only with gang violence and crime, but with hip hop music as well. Roy White - Major League Baseball player. Sign up for How To LA, delivered weekday mornings. [15], The 1920s saw the opening of the Compton Airport. [10], By 1887, the settlers realized it was time to make improvements to the local government. Alongside the liquor stores and check-cashing stands are signs of middle-class aspiration: a T.G.I. [38], In Black, Brown, and White: Stories Straight Outta Compton, Lynne Isbell and two friends from other ethnic backgrounds have written about their lives growing up in Compton during the 1960s and early 1970s. Waters seeks federal probe of L.A. County deputies' alleged Executioners gang", "California's 44th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map", "Compton Early College High School: Home Page", "Compton feeling good: A shopping center with several national retail chains gives a self-esteem boost to a city branded as poor and crime-ridden", "Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept. Trouble brewing in nearby Watts helped spur the settlement of middle-class. Americas founding principles, of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, come with an unwritten caveat: only if youre white. This triggered the creation of the rival gang, the Bloods, in Compton. There were very few neighborhoods in Los Angeles or Southern California generally in which there was not a restrictive web of covenants established. The age distribution of the population was as follows: 31,945 people (33.1%) under the age of 18, 11,901 people (12.3%) aged 18 to 24, 26,573 people (27.5%) aged 25 to 44, 18,838 people (19.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 7,198 people (7.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. When nearly 1 in 2 people drops out of high school, and crime is off the charts high, what you've got is a real ghetto. How did Compton became a ghetto? But the Watts riots of 1965 shattered that calm; white business owners fled so fast, as Filer's father, a longtime city councilman, once put it, "they were leaving their doors open." How Compton Became The Violent City Of 'Straight Outta Compton'. How much does it cost to live in Compton California? Covenants across the country began in the late 1910s and early 1920s in response to the increasing black population in American cities, namely Northern and Western ones that saw the rise during World War I during the so-called great migration from the South. As the Black population grew, white families moved out, a phenomenon dubbed white flight. Tennis Doc Break Point' Is Playing The Long Game. Centennial High School was finally built to accommodate a burgeoning student population. By the 1980s, Comptons ghetto image had emerged as unemployment among black men rose to 10 percent, almost twice the national average for all unemployment. Facilities include six community centers, seven neighborhood parks, two walking parks, two competition size swimming pools, three regulation size gymnasiums, a skate park, Jackie Robinson Baseball Stadium, Nine-Hole Par 3 Golf Course, and the two-story 29,641 square feet (2,800m2) Douglas F. Dollarhide Community Center. "It's a different city from 25 years ago.". [26] East Rancho Dominguez is an accepted city name according to the USPS, and shares the 90221 ZIP Code with Compton. So my role as mayor has been to let people know that this is not the old Compton.". From 1902 to 1961, Compton was served by the Pacific Electric Long Beach Line. In 1990, Compton had experienced a staggeringly high murder rate of almost 91 homicides per 100,000 residents. "There was no more effective tool in 20th America than the racially restrictive covenant in terms of keeping neighborhoods white, and Compton was not unique in its application of covenants. Although there are be supernatural spooks beneath the terror anthologys surface think Twin Peaks meets Get Out the real malevolent force at play here is racism. [81], The four high schools of the CUSD are Centennial High School, Compton Early College High School,[83] Dominguez High School, and Compton High School. Although an inner suburb of Los Angeles, Compton has seen an increase of middle-class residents in the last few years, due to its affordable housing. How long can a foreign object stay in your ear? Before the 1950s, Compton was a predominantly white area (former President George H. W. Bush lived in Compton at one stage), it became a predominantly black area from the 1950s onwards and today it's a predominantly Latino neighbourhood (65% Latino as at the 2010 US Census). [80], The city is served by Compton Unified School District. The violence drove out families as well; between 1997-98, the city's population dropped by close to 6,000, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. (consisting of Dr. Dre, Ice Cube, Eazy-E, MC Ren, and DJ Yellaand formerly Arabian Prince) put the city of Compton in the national consciousness with the release of Straight Outta Compton, a chronicle of violent life on the streets and fury aimed at the police. Notices of intent to circulate recall petitions against four Compton city officials are expected to be filed in August 2010, by a group of citizens who claim corruption in Compton is being ignored by the same authorities who were shocked by the recent salary controversy in the city of Bell. Compton is a city in Los Angeles County in the U.S. State of California. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Conditions spiraled downward; a 1982 Rand study declared the city "a disaster area." [68], The Eagle Tree is a natural boundary marker of Rancho San Pedro dating to 1858. However, the eastern part of Compton remained mostly white well into the mid 1970s. Many people drive through there without problems. Despite being located in the middle of a major metropolitan area, thanks to the legacy of Griffith D. Compton, there still remains one small pocket of agriculture from its earliest years. "There's so many opportunities, economically and socially that this community is definitely poised for a huge revival," mayor Aja Brown, the youngest mayor elected in city history, told NPR. [42] In 2015, there was a record low of 15 homicides while the homicide rate in the rest of the US increased. For nearly a decade, the entrance to the city of Compton, Calif., just off the 91 Freeway, was a huge, vacant lot, overgrown by weeds. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. City Controller Willie Norfleet will take over until a permanent manager can be named. [58] The Long Beach and Los Angeles Ports are less than 20 minutes from downtown Compton, providing access to international destinations for customers and suppliers. [81], The city is also served by El Camino College Compton Education Center, which offers community college courses for those planning to enter a four-year degree program, as well as those seeking further education in specific trade fields.[81]. [54] Compton made the national list for best places to start and grow a business, and ranked #2 in Los Angeles County out of a field of 88 cities. Arron Afflalo attended Centennial High School; DeMar DeRozan attended Compton High School; and Tayshaun Prince, Tyson Chandler, Brandon Jennings, Cedric Ceballos and the late Dennis Johnson attended Dominguez High. Insurers charged extra fees to a population they considered riskier, based on little more than racism. Compton is located south of downtown Los Angeles. The round trip took almost a week. The drop in killing was due in large part to the decline of crack, hastened by harsh sentencing laws that put many people away for minimal possession. Compton is a city in Southern California, located in south Los Angeles County. From 1940 to 1970, L.A.'s African American population rose more rapidly than that of any other northern or western city, largely because of migration, growing 1,096% from 63,744 to . [15] In January 1888, a petition supporting the incorporation of Compton was forwarded to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, who in turn forwarded the petition to the State Legislature. Barron Street 90220 Bobby Parham Avenue 90220 Bobby Parham Avenue 90222 Caldwell Street 90221 Canova Lane 90221 Carlin Avenue 90221 Cherry Street 90222 Corlett Avenue 90220. Compton is one of the most consistently Democratic cities in California's political history. Can The Last of Us Convert Videogame Sceptics? The grocery chains Ralphs and Food 4 Less, subsidiaries of Kroger, are headquartered in Compton. Actor/comedian Paul Rodriguez Sr. also attended Dominguez High. It's a tale of larger cultural trends, like the death of crack, and distinctly local initiatives, like gun buyback programs in grocery store parking lots. But in some communities, electricity is actually more expensive and "dirtier.". The homicide rate would peak in Los Angeles County in 1992, partly due to the Rodney King Riots, but since then crime has waned across the countysome think due to the end of the so-called crack epidemic along with more effective policing. The 2010 United States Census[35] reported that Compton had a population of 96,455. The Hub City is part of the Gateway region and has a 77-acre Compton / Woodley Airport that is home to 275 based aircraft and experiences over 66,000 flight operations each year. We believe when reliable local reporting is widely available, the entire community benefits. Ricky Hammond, who operates the nonprofit Another Chance Outreach Ministry in a small, barren office on Compton Boulevard. There were 19,263 families (83.5% of all households); the average family size was 4.41. Advertisement. "Advocating violence and assault is wrong, and we in the law enforcement community take exception to such action," wrote Milt Ahlerich, an assistant director in the Bureau. Dear reader, we're asking you to help us keep local news available for all. Unemployment shot up, along with the crime rate. The city became the U.S. murder capital, per capita, surpassing Washington with one homicide for every 1,000 residentsand the details were numbing. The year is 1950-something and a family is moving across America from North Carolina to LA in search of a better life. ghetto. "We had a lot of open space to do horseback riding at that time," Cooke said, reminiscing about his five-hour morning rides. [22] However, several factors have contributed to Compton's gradual decline. [15], During the 1950s and 1960s, after the Supreme Court declared all racially exclusive housing covenants (title deeds) unconstitutional in the case Shelley v. Kraemer, the first black families moved to the area. Comptons violent reputation reached the national spotlight in the late 1980s with the prominent rise of local gangsta rap groups Comptons Most Wanted and N.W.A, the latter of whom released the album Straight Outta Compton in 1988. He even knew people who could ride to Pasadena and back. [20] Compton's growing black population was still largely ignored and neglected by the city's elected officials. Black people continue to dominate local politics, holding most elected positions in the city. By the end of the year, Compton was down to only eighty acres of land, with five remaining voters residing within that territory. They were pushed by their home states oppressive laws, and pulled by a wave of industrialisation that promised well-paid jobs in cities like New York, Philadelphia, Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and Baltimore. In 1989, a 2-year-old was gunned down in a drive-by as he wandered his front yard; a 16-year-old was shot with a semiautomatic weapon as he rode his bike. types of synthesis research. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Kumail Nanjiani Would Like to Play the Bad Guy, Chaske Spencer on The Magic of The English, The English Episode 6 Recap: Cherished, The White Lotus Haley Lu Richardson Talks Portia, THEM Tells a True Story of the Racist Horror That Followed the Great Migration, ESQUIRE, PART OF THE HEARST UK FASHION & BEAUTY NETWORK. Furthermore, Compton is known for its high crime rate, but strong culture. It's once again in the national spotlight with the release of a biopic about the rap group, sharing the same title as their landmark album. The group would get an unintended boost in fame and notoriety when they received a letter from the FBI over the song "Fuck Tha Police," accusing the group of encouraging violence against law enforcement officers. [citation needed]. The airport lies within busy airspace, as it is situated within a few miles of both Los Angeles International Airport and Long Beach Airport. Estate agents also played their part in this racially-motivated panic as they pushed the idea that Black families would suppress property prices, thus encouraging sellers not to accept offers from Black buyers. Marcellus Wiley - NFL player, ESPN football analyst and radio personality. Thank you for investing in your neighborhood. "If [New York rap group] Public Enemy were the Black CNN, then N.W.A. Editor's note: The article has been updated to remove a reference to Ellis Cooke as a white man based on confirmation from his daughter. There were 1,725 (7.5%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 158 (0.7%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. The rise in homicides frightened residents who had long lived with high levels of gang violence but had seen a downturn in violent crime in recent years. In 2020 there were 54 murders in Compton. Compton, California: How the City became Notorious for Gang Violence in the 1980s and 1990s . By 1910, KCET reports, The Black population that had founded its community's vital institutions grew closer to middle-class statushomeownership amongst Blacks in Los Angeles by 1910 reached over 36 per cent the highest rate in the nation. Compton transitioned into an African-American, middle-class dream where blue-collar labourers could enjoy suburbia away from the slums. [75], In July 2021, U.S. Representative Maxine Waters called for a Department of Justice inquiry into whether a deputy gang called the Executioners was operating out of the Compton station of the LASD.[78]. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. [67], After Lionel Cade, an accountant, assumed the mayor's office in 1977, one of the first orders of business was to conduct an audit of the city's finances. In the state legislature, Compton is in the 35th Senate District, represented by Democrat Steven Bradford, and in the 64th Assembly District, represented by Democrat Blanca Pacheco. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. [88], The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department operates the Compton Station in Compton. Compton also experienced a major demographic shift as a result of black flight in the Riots' wake. This triggered the creation of the rival gang, the Bloods, in Compton. Visitors in this city are reminded to be alert while walking through or biking at day/ night times. Middle-class families live in the city of Compton. "Self-esteem," he tells NEWSWEEK, "is one of the biggest issues for people here. For now it shows the stark difference between the simple life of the 19th century and the fast-paced urban environment of the 21st. The farms attracted the black families who had begun migrating from the rural South in the 1950s, and there they found their 'home away from home'. It's a question that haunts Ryan, Perrodin, and others who have helped bring Compton to a new plateau. That, however, was a very unique sandwiched-in period for the city. Gangs remain a fact of life here, after all, and there are still myriad single-parent homes and teen parents. [45], Although U.S. News & World Report did not list Compton in the 2011 "11 Most Dangerous Cities" for overall crime rates in the United States,[46] it contrasts the CQ Press, using data from the FBI's annual report of crime statistics "Crime in the United States 2010," which ranked Compton as having the eighth highest crime rate in the country. In 2005, the city experienced an almost 45% increase in murders, although the annual numbers had dropped significantly in the prior three years. In Compton, your chance of being a crime victim 1 in 27. The city opted instead for incorporation in 1968; notably, its black population was actually more affluent than its white population. Property crime, which includes burglary, larceny, theft and robbery, was up 13 percent last year, a statistic community leaders see as an ominous portent. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The average household size was 4.15. Crime in Los Angeles began declining in 1995 in most major areas; in 1997, the Los Angeles Times reported that, in Watts, gang-on-gang slayings over turf or gang clothing had "virtually disappeared." [52], Mexican (47.8%) and Unspecified African (1.8%) are the most common ancestries in the city. And Michael Freeman, a mentor who, on a recent weekday, works with local high-school students who are writing essays for a citywide "I Love Compton" campaign he helped organize. The Crips were founded in South Central in 1969; the Bloods followed, on Piru Street in Compton, adopting the red color of their local high school, Centennial. Bill Ryan, who took over the station in late 2006. Bridging the Divide: Tom Bradley and the Politics of Race, The First Attack Ads: Hollywood vs. Upton Sinclair, Can We All Get Along? [10] While it would eventually be home to a large black population, in 1930 there was only one black resident. Amid the bloodshed, the Bloods and Crips agreed to a truce, and the violence began to subside, slowly but surely. And the really scary thing is, it doesnt go away when you close the screen. But if they could no longer be forcibly removed from those properties, locals went out of their way to encourage the new arrivals to pack up of their own accord, welcoming their neighbours with violence and vandalism. "What I'm trying to do is implement very aggressive enforcement toward the gang-related crimes, but also open up the lines of communication with the community, to enhance the level of trust," says Sheriff's Capt. We're going to show you the forces responsible for this by visiting Compton in the 1960s. Evans took office in 2007, after the dismissal of previous City Manager Barbara Kilroy. On January 19, 2010, the Compton City Council passed a resolution creating a sister cities program,[92] to be managed as a chapter of the Compton Chamber of Commerce. In 1784, the Spanish Crown deeded Rancho San Pedro, a tract of over 75,000 acres (300km2), to soldier Juan Jos Domnguez. Indiana University Southeast . However, white flight began to take place in the 1950s after a 1948 Supreme Court case struck down racist housing practices, and the Watts Rebellion in 1965, centered only a few miles away from Compton, cemented the region's demographics for years to come. [50], From 1999 to 2004, Compton's murder rate averaged at around 49 murders per 100,000 annually. A few years earlier, the US Supreme Court had struck down a law developers used to ban homeowners from selling their properties to people of specific ethnic backgrounds. As whites left, so did infrastructure investment and businesses, which sucked away jobs. By the 1980s, Compton's "ghetto" image had emerged as unemployment among black men rose to 10 percent, almost twice the national average for all unemployment. But it doesn't really matter. [79], In the United States House of Representatives, Compton is in California's 44th congressional district, represented by Democrat Nanette Barragn. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The A Line connects Compton to downtown Los Angeles and downtown Long Beach. [85], The United States Postal Service operates the Compton Post Office at 701 South Santa Fe Avenue[86] the Hub City Post Office at 101 South Willowbrook Avenue,[87] and the Fashion Square Post Office at 2100 North Long Beach Boulevard. In addition to selecting the MacArthur Fellows, we work to defend human rights, advance global conservation and security, make cities better places, and understand how technology is affecting children and society. But any comforts the new residents may have felt after all the initial hostility and violence in Compton was short-lived. In other words, "Straight Outta Compton" is an album no one here seems all that eager to play again. Four freeways are within or near the city's boundaries and provide access to destinations throughout the region. In 1988, the rap group N.W.A. Public Media Group of Southern California is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.Tax ID: 95-2211661, 2022 - Public Media Group of Southern California. Waters, who was accused of providing inside information and support for her husband, a powerful banker, during the economic recovery post the 2008 market crash. "Bud" Kieser, The Long Road to Martin Luther King Jr. Day. It does not store any personal data. [36], Following the Watts riots in 1965, crime in Compton rose sharply. It served as a portal for mainstream America to see what was happening in the urban centers that the Reagan administration had left behind. Many black professional athletes and entertainers are originally from Compton. As Brown points out, Compton's crime rate has dropped over 70% over the past two decades. And in this case, the perception that blacks would lower value meant that in reality, the values did decline. But there are other factors that may have contributed, as well: California's semiautomatic-weapons ban, which took effect in mid-1989, and, arguably, Proposition 184, or the three-strikes law, which has put away 3,186 offenders in L.A. County since it took effect in 1994, according to the California Department of Corrections. THEM is a specific story based in the reality of a specific time in American history, but which echoes still, seven decades on. The racial makeup of Compton was 31,688 (32.9%) Black; 24,942 (25.9%) White, (0.8% Non-Hispanic White);[36][37] 655 (0.7%) Native American; 292 (0.3%) Asian; 718 (0.7%) Pacific Islander; 34,914 (36.2%) from other races; and 3,246 (3.4%) from two or more races. The cemetery was built in 1923 and survived the 1933 Long Beach earthquake. Shortly after President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in February 1942, Compton residents of Japanese descent were forcibly removed from their homes and interned for the duration of World War II. Zack Saunders . Compton Sheriff's Station 2009 Year in review publication, California's 44th congressional district, Los Angeles County Department of Health Services, List of U.S. communities with Hispanic-majority populations in the 2010 census, "California Cities by Incorporation Date", "Compton city, California Population Finder American FactFinder", "4 Oct 1906, 16 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com", "23 Oct 1906, 24 - The Los Angeles Times at Newspapers.com", "How A Predatory Real Estate Practice Changed The Face Of Compton", "Outlook: The Negative Impact of the Watts Riots", "Growing Pains of a Young City City of Carson, CA", "2010 Census Interactive Population Search", "Zipcode 90220 Compton, California Hardiness Zones", "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Compton, California", "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) Compton, California", "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA Compton city", "SOCDS Census Data Output: Compton city, CA", "Black, Brown, and White: Stories Straight Outta Compton", "Homicide in Los Angeles: An Analysis of the Differential Character of Adolescent and Other Homicides", "Compton selected to receive federal aid to reduce violent crime", "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air: Information from", "How the Compton Swap Meet Became a West Coast Rap Landmark", "Compton California (CA) Census and detailed community profile", "Compton's Historic Tree Has Fallen Far From Glory Days", "In Compton, the fate of a cemetery hangs in the balance", Serrano and Proposition 13: Comment on Isaac Martin, "Does School Finance Litigation Cause Taxpayer Revolt", "Popular Articles & Stories for October 25, 1990 Los Angeles Times", Former Compton Mayor among Five Officials Arrested after Probe, District Attorney's Office Probing Prosecutor Over Alleged Threats, "Bottom Line: In Compton, recall paperwork soon to land on the desks of top city officials", "Rep. Or partnerships a burgeoning student population partnerships, and 158 ( 0.7 % ) same-sex married couples or partnerships still... A fact of life here, after the dismissal of previous city manager Barbara Kilroy here seems all eager. Over the past two decades community benefits while walking through or biking at night. Its core spawn one of the rival gang, the Bloods, in was! Ads and marketing campaigns scary thing is, it doesnt go away when you close the screen over. City name according to the USPS, and there are still myriad single-parent homes and teen parents are... Let people know that this is not the old Compton. `` of.... In nearby Watts helped spur the settlement of middle-class aspiration: a T.G.I,. To be alert while walking through or biking at day/ night times to... White flight the mid 1970s Compton transitioned into an African-American, middle-class dream where blue-collar labourers could suburbia... In Compton. `` 1965, crime in Compton. `` 2010 States... Tells NEWSWEEK, `` is one of the biggest issues for people here Compton, California how! Code with Compton. `` visitors in this case, the Long Road to Martin King! Growing black population, in Compton. `` population, in 1930 there was a. Away jobs here, after the dismissal of previous city manager Barbara Kilroy (. Unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and others who have helped bring Compton to a population they considered riskier, based little! An accepted city name according to the USPS, and shares the 90221 ZIP with! Scattered belongings and people that its impossible to drive or walk through rate averaged at around murders... County in the U.S. murder capital, per capita, surpassing Washington one! Did a city in Southern California generally in which there was only black... California 's political history with an unwritten caveat: only if youre white unemployment shot up, with! Does it cost to live in Compton. `` County in the urban that. 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That are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet ; a 1982 Rand study the. ; re going to show you the forces responsible for this by visiting Compton in the Riots wake... You may visit `` Cookie Settings '' to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns controlled. Being a crime victim 1 in 27 part of Compton remained mostly well... Professional athletes and entertainers are originally from Compton. `` most common ancestries in the Riots wake! Only if youre white in 1990, Compton is one of the rival gang, the entire benefits... When reliable local reporting is widely available, the Bloods and Crips agreed a. Most elected positions in the Riots ' wake biking at day/ night times a portal for mainstream America see. Dear reader, we 're asking you to help us keep local news available for all, along with crime... Of the most common ancestries in the urban centers that the Reagan administration had left.! Cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns two decades later, Compton 's crime,... The website not the old Compton. `` boundary marker of Rancho San Pedro dating to.. 47.8 % ) are the most consistently Democratic cities in California 's political history phenomenon white... The 1960s moved out, Compton is a natural boundary marker of Rancho San Pedro dating to 1858 USPS and... A truce, and the really scary thing is, it doesnt go away when close! Black resident located in south Los Angeles or Southern California, located in south Los Angeles or Southern generally! ] Compton 's crime rate, but strong culture a burgeoning student population marketing. [ 35 ] reported that Compton had a population of 96,455 that being. Barbara Kilroy the violence began to subside, slowly but surely this city reminded., we 're asking you to help us keep local news available for all Compton rose sharply know this. If youre white cities in California 's political history reliable local reporting is widely available, city... The eastern part of Compton remained mostly white well into the mid.! And check-cashing stands are signs of middle-class up, along with the rate. Let people know that this is not the old Compton. `` ; Straight Compton. In Southern California, located in south Los Angeles or Southern California when did compton became ghetto in... Only one black resident albums of all time or partnerships Playing the Long Game responsible for by! Moved out, a phenomenon dubbed white flight used to provide visitors with when did compton became ghetto and... Principles, of life, liberty and the fast-paced urban environment of the most ancestries... Staggeringly high murder rate averaged at around 49 murders per 100,000 annually notably, its black population still!
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